Extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents / Extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos

The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents was investigated. Palmarosa oil possesses an appealing rose aroma and properties like anti - inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant due to the presence of geraniol. The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil by using distillation methods like steam dis tillation and fractional distillation was a laborious process. So hydrotropes were tried for extraction. The geraniol yield and purity depend on parameters like concentration of hydrotrope, solvent volume ratio, and time period. Using the Box Benkhem Desig n (BBD), the extraction process was optimized. One of the major advantages of using hydrotropic solvents is that they were classified as green solvents, and recovery of solvents is also possible. To reduce the extraction time probe sonication is carried ou t. Different hydrotropic solvents with probe sonication are done on palmarosa oil by altering various process parameters to study the separation, yield, and purity.

Se investigó la extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos. El aceite de palmarosa posee un atractivo aroma a rosa y propiedades antiinflamatorias, antifúngicas y antioxidantes debido a la pr esencia de geraniol. La extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa mediante métodos de destilación como la destilación por vapor y la destilación fraccionada ha sido un proceso laborioso. Por lo tanto, se probaron los hidrotropos para la extracción. El rendimiento y la pureza del geraniol dependen de parámetros como la concentración del hidrotropo, la relación de volumen del solvente y el período de tiempo. Se optimizó el proceso de extracción usando el diseño Box Benkhem (BBD). Una de las principales v entajas de usar solventes hidrotrópicos es que se clasifican como solventes verdes y también es posible recuperar los solventes. Para reducir el tiempo de extracción, se lleva a cabo una sonda de ultrasonido. Se realizan diferentes solventes hidrotropos co n sonda de ultrasonido en el aceite de palmarosa alterando varios parámetros del proceso para estudiar la separación, el rendimiento y la pureza.

Blunt abdominal trauma: the experience in rural India and review of literature

Background: Blunt Abdominal trauma is one of the most common injuries caused due to road traffic accidents. The rapid increase in number of motor vehicles and its aftermath has caused rapid increase in number of victims due to blunt abdominal trauma. As the care of patients with blunt abdominal injuries is largely a surgical responsibility and abdominal injuries involving major hemorrhage from solid viscera constitute surgical emergencies. Abdominal blunt traumas represent a real diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to even a most experienced surgeon, thereby representing importance of its study. Early diagnosis and effective management help in decreasing mortality in blunt abdominal trauma.Methods: Prospective study of 50 patients admitted to the institute with history of Blunt Abdominal Trauma. After initial resuscitation of the patients, thorough assessments for injuries were carried out in all the patients. Documentation of patients, which included identification, history, clinical findings, diagnostic test, operative findings, operative procedures and complications during the stay in the hospital were all recorded on a Performa specially prepared. The management was decided depending upon history, clinical examination and investigations.Results: Males were predominantly affected, and most cases were between the age group of 21-40 years (76%). Majority of the patients (90%) presented with the complaint of abdominal pain followed by abdominal distension (56%). 36(60%) patients were managed conservatively while operative interventions were required in 24(40%) patients. The common surgeries performed in the patients included splenectomy, primary closure of perforation and resection and anastomosis of bowel. Majority of the patients (80%) were discharged within 20 days of admission. The mortality in present study was 13.3%.Conclusions: Blunt Abdominal Trauma is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in young adults. Immediate resuscitative measures, management of associated injuries and appropriate operative intervention are important parts of management of such cases.

Antibacterial and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Embelia ribes Burm.f. berries extract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of medicine and water treatment owing to their physiochemical properties. Biosynthesis of AgNPs is favourable over chemical synthesis for issues of environmental concern. Here, we synthesized AgNPs using aqueous seed extract of berries of Embelia ribes Burm.f. and analyzed their antibacterial and anticancer activities. The phytochemicals present in the seed extract of E. ribes berries were used as reducing agent for the formation of AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and HR-TEM analysis. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak observed at 430 nm from UV-spectrum further confirms the formation of AgNPs. The presence of phytochemical adhering to AgNPs was confirmed from FTIR spectrum. XRD and SAED analysis showed that the AgNPs are of crystalline in nature. TEM images showed the AgNPs were roughly spherical shaped and approximately around 30 nm in size. The AgNPs thus synthesized, were evaluated for antibacterial and anticancer activities. The results revealed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and also dose dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in MCF-7 cell line. Higher concentration showed low cytotoxicity and maximum inhibition was at 10 ng/mL after 24 h.

Management And Disposal of Amalgam Waste In Dental Operatory.

Unwanted release of mercury from mercury containing amalgam s is a great concern in the Dental operatory. Mercury is toxic that accumulates in the body with risk of many health problems . This manuscript discusses the various protocols for disposal of amalgam wastes.

Re-Treatment of A Mandibular First Molar With An Independent Middle Mesial Canal- A Case Report.

With increasing reports of aberrant canal morphology, the clinician needs to be aware of varied anatomy in teeth. The purpose of this article is to report the successful non surgical endodontic re-treatment of one such clinical case of mandibular first molar with three mesial canals in which the middle mesial canal had an independent foramen.

Power Bleaching - A Solution For Discoloured Teeth.

Bleaching is an effective method for restoring the colour of the discoloured teeth. It is a safe procedure with few side effects, and is much less invasive than other techniques such as veneering or crowning of teeth, which require tooth preparation. This article focuses on the in office bleaching method called power bleaching with discussion of two cases using this method.

Evaluation of The Accuracy of Two Apex Locators And Radiovisiograpy- An In Vistro Study.

Determination of an accurate working length is one of the most critical steps of Endodontic therapy. The cleaning, shaping and obturation of root canal system cannot be accomplished accurately unless working length is determined precisely. Locating the appropriate apical position always has been a challenge in clinical Endodontics. The cementodentinal junction (CDJ), where the pulp tissue changes into the apical tissue, is the most ideal physiologic apical limit of the working length. However, the CDJ and apical constricture do not always coincide, particularly in senile teeth as a result of cementum deposition, which alters the position of the minor diameter. In an attempt to measure the working length to a value that almost coincides with the actual length or anatomic length and to overcome all the errors that could occur due to the limitation of the present techniques used, electronic apex locators with their inherent capacity to minimize the errors and the simplicity of the technique involved in the calibration of working length seems to be an important break through in the field of Endodontics. Modern electronic apex locators can determine this position with accuracies of greater than 90% but still have some limitations. Knowledge of apical anatomy, prudent use of radiographs and the correct use of an electronic apex locator will assist practitioners to achieve predictable results.

Sensitization to different species of Aspergillus in bakery workers and general atopic population.

Six species of Aspergillus predominant in the bakery environment--Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. ochraceous, A. sydowi and A. versicolor--were studied for their role in causing Type 1 hypersensitivity among bakery workers and atopic patients from the general population (PGP). Antigenic extracts from the above species were prepared for in vivo and in vitro studies. The IEF, SDS-PAGE, skin test, ELISA and immunoblot techniques were performed to detect the biochemical- and clinico-immunological characteristics of these species. Among those tested, the important fungal sensitizers among the bakery workers and patients from the general population were A. sydowi, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans and A. ochraceous. The protein fractions of different species were in the acidic region (pI 3.0-6.5) and in the molecular weight range of 13.0-91.0 kDa. The protein fraction of 44.0 kDA of A. flavus and 20.0 and 70.0 kDa for A. fumigatus showed IgE binding in the sera of bakery workers only. Significantly, raised IgG antibodies to different species were recorded among the bakery workers as compared to the PGP group. The study showed that different species of Aspergillus are of potential allergenic significance in bakery workers and the general atopic population.